Advantage and Disadvantage of Different Kind of Corporation

Questions: 1. Advise three friends what they should take into consideration when making up their minds if they should set up their business as a general partnership (unincorporated) or as a limited liability company (incorporated)? 2. A business associate, who has taken on a new role as Operations Manager of a small business, has asked you to help her to explain the difference between an employee and an independent contractor to her Managing Director? Answers: Introduction: The paper attempts to explore the advantage and disadvantage of different kind of corporation. In this paper we discuss two specific kind of corporation or association like unincorporated partnership firm and incorporated Limited Liability Company. In regards to the perspective of England both are almost same but the major dissimilarity present in the liability part. In LLC is has the separate legal entity and in case of partnership, the partners are liable for the actions of each other. On the second part of the paper, it defines the difference between independent contractor and employees. According to work they look very similar but in accordance to the liability they are different. Employees are always duty bound to employer and the employer is also liable for the workers act. In case of independent contractor the employer has no liability. The last part discuss about the matter of dualism and monism theory on the perspective of European Union laws. The application of the theories solely depend on the wish of the members states. 1. Fact: There are three friends who wanted to transfer their business into a partnership firm (unincorporated) or to an incorporated limited liability firm. They have to take certain steps before proceed to the matter. The advices are follows: Unincorporated Partnership Firm: An unincorporated forum means and includes that the association has no distinct legal identity from its members. The whole dangers and legal responsibility concerned in administering theinstitution or businessis governed by the persons who own and administer it. There is characteristically a partnership contract which administers its transactions. But if the agreement is silent the Partnership Act will be applicable on that context. To be prcised, there are no such formalities regarding the registration of the partnership firm (Dine, Koutsias and Blecher, 2007). A general partnership has certain relationships and features within it. The first one is relation among the all partners and next one is relationship with the third parties. The former one can usually be superseded by contract among the partners, while the second one is usually confirmed by individual transaction with the party and the firm as a whole (Davis-Blake and Uzzi, 1993). The belongings of the business are possessed by the partners on the behalf of the partnership firm and they all are individually legally responsible. Along with that they are together and severally liable for trade debts, levy taxes ortortuousaccountability. In accordance to that the profits, that are also shared among the partners. On the other hand, a partnership contract will approximately habitually and specifically offer for the method in which earnings and damages are to be collective (Cahn and Donald, 2010).The partnership will finish by the passing away or insolvency or the removal of any partner (Gerven, 2011). In the context of the country ofEngland and Wales, a concept of partnership does not have distinct legal individuality. Even though, the British WalesReport of Law Commissionplanned to make changes in the rule to form separate individuality for all universal partnerships. British administration determined not to put into practice of the application connecting to common partnership firms. TheLimited Liability Partnerships Act 2000bestowed distinct personality concept n the matter of general partnership concept (Hannigan, 2012). By this discussion we can conclude the matters which are to be kept in mind by the above mentioned three friends. Firstly if they want to create an unincorporated partnership firm, it must be kept in mind the agreement must be made according to the desire of them. The agreement is the only document which will determine the liability. Secondly, the unincorporated associations are generally have no separate legal identity other than the members. So the friends are become partners in the firm and joint and severally liable for the activity of them and activity of each other. Thirdly, the firm will automatically dissolve after the death, insolvency or other discrepancy of the partners. Fourthly, it is a unique and unusual thing the unincorporated partnership does not require any kind of registration. All the loss and profits equally divided among the three partners according to their shares in the firm. Incorporated Limited Liability Company: Alimited liability companyis thestructure or a kind ofprivate limited company. It is a kind of businessarrangement that united thecross taxationof apartnershipfirm orsingle proprietorshipwith therestricted accountabilityof abusiness (Hannigan, 2012). A Limited accountability corporation considered to be a mixture trade unit having definite individuality of together with acompanyand partnershipfirm orsingle proprietorship. A limited liability company even though a company unit, it is basically a type ofunincorporated associationand is not a company (Milman, 1999). In United Kingdom, it is considered to the form ofthe limited liability partnership. This provision is started in near about 2000 and the format is very similar to the United States. It is alike to that US LLC in case of tax neutralisation that is the members are levied at the associate stage, but cannot have the power to pay tax itself. It is identified as a body corporate in other matters except VAT (Morera Balcells, 2014). So in this connection if the three friends want to open up a limited liability company the three friends need to understand certain issues: Firstly, the limited liability company is a body corporate and has a separate legal entity. Secondly it must be registered according to the law. The name and MOA must be according to the law. The company can sue and be sued by its corporate name. The members are liable personally if the exceeds the authority. 2. Difference between employee and independent contractor: The dissimilarity among the independent contractor and an employee is tremendously significant for the reason that the dissimilarity determines legal responsibility to recompense and hold back income tax, communal security and Medicare levy etc. The expression independent contractor is not defined anywhere properly. The universal rule is that a human being is independent contractors if his manager has the privilege to manage the consequences of the service but not the technique of completing it (Nannicini, 2006). A self-governing contractor is a person who has trade for his own. Some extra conditions are there which are utilized to explain autonomous contractors which contain advisor, freelancers, and company and trade proprietors. In addition, an autonomous contractor can be a sole proprietor, a restricted liability business, a Corporation, or a business. An employee is a person who carries out obligation uttered or prescribed by any other person who is generally denotes as the company or principal. The worker regularly experienced education for employment and regarding the accomplishment procedure of job, and frequently works for merely one manager. In a relationship of employer-employee, the manager hold on to the privilege to terminate the worker and the manager offer the worker with apparatus and a position to employment. But in the situation of independent contractors, the question in relation to the relationship of employer-employee is not identified and not established (Studer, 2005). Along with the difference lie in certain other questions like the span of time desirable to carry out the employment or whether imbursement is stand on duration of work or piece of delivery of work or, whether the employment is division of the usual trade of the company or, whether the party consider they are manager and worker etc. These determining factors are important to focus on the matters because the matter of liability in tax and other sections depends on the situation. The managerial control over the person also depends on the similar situation (Studer, 2005). There are three major categories under which the difference can be ascertained. First one is behavioural management, monetary control, and kind of relationship. The first issue is behavioural management which includes the fact that demonstrate whether the trade have privileges to command or manage the process of accomplishment of the work or not or they can have the power to provide training on that aspect (Nannicini, 2006). The second issue is fiscal control. Fiscal control includes particulars that demonstrate whether the company has a privilege or position to express or manage the economic and commerce features of the job of the employee. These comprise written agreements exhibiting the relationship of the parties planned to generate, whether the employee is give with workers reimbursement or the base of the association. In summary it can be concluded that: An employee generally works for only one employee but independent conductor is not bound to do that because they have their own business to execute. The working hours are generally set for the employees but the independent contractors are not time bound. The company provides the benefits to the employees which can only be avail by the employees specifically not by the independent contractor. The employer provides director not only about work but about the process of work to his employee but the process of work is always determining the independent contractor. The cost of work is not incurred by the employees but in case of independent contractor, he himself has to bear all the cost. After lay off or other industrial matters the employees are authorised to take the compensation but the independent contractor is not eligible on that occasion. The employer has the right to terminate the job of employee but not the independent contractor. If the employee did any kind of negligence the employer is vicariously liable for the act but not for the act of independent. The labour laws will applicable in the situation of employees but not in case of independent contractors. The work place safety laws are applicable to employees but generally not to the independent contractor. The employees have the right to engage in the trade union but the independent contract has no such right against the company. So in this way the operation manner can demonstrate the matter of difference in relation to an employee and independent contractor. This all are basic differences. Though both of them are looking similar according to the view of work process, control and management they are very much dissimilar with each other. Conclusion: The first part is taking about the distinction among the different limited liability corporations. It provides the applicability of legal rule prior to the establishment of this time of associations. The second phase talks about the distinction of independent contractor and employee. Though in simple meaning they look similar but n case of control and liability from the side of the employer, they are very much different from each other. On the other hand the third part describes the concept of monism and dualism. In the concept of European Union laws, some state accepts the monism and some adopts the dualism. So, in conclusion it can be state that the applicability is solely depending on the acceptance of the state in this prevailing legal system. References: Banoff, B. (n.d.). Company Governance Under Florida's New Limited Liability Company Act.SSRN Journal. Cahn, A. and Donald, D. (2010).Comparative company law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cannizzaro, E., Palchetti, P. and Wessel, R. (2011).International law as law of the European Union. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Conway, G. (2015).EU Law. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Davis-Blake, A. and Uzzi, B. (1993). Determinants of Employment Externalization: A Study of Temporary Workers and Independent Contractors.Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(2), p.195. Dine, J., Koutsias, M. and Blecher, M. (2007).Company law in the new Europe. Cheltenham, UK: E. Elgar. Gerven, D. (2011).Cross-border mergers in Europe. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Guinnane, T. (2007).Putting the corporation in its place. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Hannigan, B. (2012).Company Law. Oxford: OUP Oxford. Jelsma, P., Nollkamper, P. and Pringle, A. (2010).The limited liability company. Costa Mesa, Calif.: James Pub. Joyner, C. (2005).International Law in the 21st Century. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Karagonlar, G., Eisenberger, R. and Aselage, J. (2014). Reciprocation Wary Employees Discount Psychological Contract Fulfillment.Academy of Management Proceedings, 2014(1), pp.12396-12396. McLaughlin, S. (2015).Unlocking Company Law. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Milman, D. (1999).Regulating Enterprise. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Mlsna, P. (2010).International treaties in European law. Moore, M. (2012).Company Law 2012-2013. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Moore, M. (2013).Company Law Statutes 2011-2012. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Morera Balcells, X. (2014). Spain Steps Forward to Achieve UK Conditions Incorporating a Limited Liability Company.SSRN Journal. Nannicini, T. (2006). The Determinants of Contract Length in Temporary Help Employment.Labour, 20(3), pp.453-474. Novakovic , M. and Krec a, M. (2013).Basic concepts of public international law. Belgrade: Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade, Institute of Comparative Law, Institute of International Politics and Economics. Shenkman, M., Weiner, S. and Taback, I. (1996).Starting a limited liability company. New York: J. Wiley. Studer, Q. (2005). 15 tips on creating a standards-of-behavior contract to encourage employees' best behavior.Employ. Relat. Today, 32(1), pp.11-18. Tarantolo, D. (2006). From Employment to Contract: Section 1981 and Antidiscrimination Law for the Independent Contractor Workforce.The Yale Law Journal, 116(1), p.170. Tricker, B. (2011). Re-inventing the Limited Liability Company.Corporate Governance: An International Review, 19(4), pp.384-393. Warda, M. (2005).The complete limited liability company kit (+ CD-ROM). Naperville, Ill.: Sphinx Pub.

Poor Boys Blimp Essays (682 words) - Airships, Blimp,

Poor Boys Blimp Poor Boys Blimp There once was a little boy that grew up in the Brooklyn projects. He was extremely poor. Some how he managed to have some of the better things of life like a treadmill and an obsolete computer from the 80's. His life long dream was to own a $650 Lead Zeppelin remote controlled blimp. He asked his parents every year for six years if he could have it and every time they would say no they couldn't afford it. So on the boys fourteenth birthday he went and applied for a job at the local Nathaniel's. After talking to the manager Steve and getting the job he ran home and told his parents that he started the job tomorrow. The next day the when he got to work he looked around and noticed Steve was gone. He asked another worker where Steve was. The worker responded he was fired for being too stupid. The boy laughed and returned back to work. After weeks of hard work he finally made $600 of the $650 he needed for the blimp. On his way home one day he noticed a new store. He read the stores name ?Iraqi Pete Discount plutonium and models?. So only being human he walked in to look around. The moment he walked in he was surrounded be a green glow that was so bright it would put a helicopter's searchlights to shame. After his eyes adjusted to the glow he saw the storeowner eating pineapples and watching TV in black and white. The owner of the store heard the door shut and went to the boy and said hello. The boy being polite said hello as well. The owner asked if there was a certain item he was looking for. The boy asked if he had a Led Zeppelin remote control blimp. The man said yes we do right there in the corner. So the boy thanked him and walked to the corner and his eyes lit up brighter than the radiation from the plutonium. It was the blimp for $600 tax-free. The boy asked if the blimp was really $600 the owner said yes why wouldn't it be. The boy grabbed it, bought it, and left the store. Quickly he ran home and saw his father. Daddy, daddy he said look what I bought. The father yelled shut up. I just worked double time triple time at the hospital I need coffee and sleep. Not affected by his father's routine yelling the boy went to his 5th story window and read the directions and then started the blimp. The sound of the engine thrilled the boy. Now the time had come for the first flight the boy flew it out the window and outside where everyone could see it. He was having the time of his life until it happened. The blimp for no apparent reason went putt, putt and started on its first and last decent. Crashing into the courtyard in a loud flaming mess the boy almost passed out. He ran down the stairs fast to see how bad the damage was. It was totaled the blimp would never fly again. He started to cry when he noticed something he didn't smell gas. He dipped his finger in the gas tank and tasted it. It was watered down desil he was swindled by Pete. Angry, sad and confused he ran back to the store he walked in screaming and crying. Then all of a sudden he noticed something there where ten INS agents in Pete's store. He also saw Pete in handcuffs. One of the agents saw him and quickly took him out of the store and drove him home. When he got home the boy walked slowly up the stairs like a lifeless zombie. When he finally got back to his apartment he sat in front of the window and watched the birds thinking to himself why couldn't I have just waited. The moral of the story is if it seems to good to be true it probably is. Book Reports

Biography of Julius Caesar

Biography of Julius Caesar Free Online Research Papers Portrait head of Julius Caesar The adopted son of Julius Caesar, Augustus (63 B.C. – 14 A.D.) became the first emperor of Rome in 27 B.C., founding the Julio-Claudia dynasty. Many portraits of Augustus were erected throughout the empire in order to convey his political and social beliefs and to validate his claim to power. To distinguish his rule from that of the earlier Roman Republican period, when gravitas (seriousness) and age were emphasized in portraits, Augustus was always depicted as youthful, as in this marble head. A distinctive hairstyle identifies the emperor: comma-shaped locks form a pincer in the center of his forehead. Private portrait sculpture was most closely associated with funerary contexts. Funerary altars and tomb structures were adorned with portrait reliefs of the deceased along with short inspiration noting their family or patrons, and portrait busts accompanied cinerary urns that were deposited in the niches of large, communal tombs known as columbaria. This funerary context for portrait sculpture was rooted in the longstanding tradition of the display of wax portrait masks, called imagines, in funeral processions of the upper classes to commemorate their distinguished ancestry. These masks, portraits of noted ancestors who had held public office or been awarded special honors, were proudly housed in the household lararium, or family shrine, along with busts made of bronze , marble , or terracotta. In displaying these portraits so prominently in the public sphere, aristocratic families were able to celebrate their history of public service while honoring their deceased relatives. In the Republic, public sculpture included honorific portrait statues of political officials or military commanders erected by the order of their peers in the Senate. These statues were typically erected to celebrate a noted military achievement, usually in connection with an official triumph, or to commemorate some worthy political achievement, such as the drafting of a treaty. A dedicatory inscription, called a cursus honorum, detailed the subjects honors and life achievements, as well as his lineage and notable ancestors. These inscriptions typically accompanied public portraits and were a uniquely Roman feature of commemoration Research Papers on Biography of Julius CaesarCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBringing Democracy to AfricaQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresStandardized TestingThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Bowen Family Systems

Bowen Family System Theory Introduction In doing my studies on family/systemic counselling, I found Bowen’s theory intriguing. In my work and everyday life, I witness triangulation on a daily basis, from my own experience, without the awareness from this module, I was often entwined in triangulation. As a trainee therapist I decided to write my paper on Bowenian Therapy in order to gain a better understanding and develop my awareness. Murray Bowen, M. D. (31 January 1913 9 October 1990) was an American psychiatrist and a professor in Psychiatry at the Georgetown University. Bowen was among the pioneers of family therapy and founders of systemic therapy. â€Å"The family systems theory is a theory introduced by Dr. Murray Bowen that suggests that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit. Families are systems of interconnected and interdependent individuals, none of whom can be understood in isolation from the system† (Genopro. com 18/11/2010) Bowen’s interest in family began as he was practicing as a psychiatrist in the 1940s. He focused on schizophrenic patient’s emotional relationships with their mothers. Others have called it a symbiosis relationship, but for him it was only an exaggerated natural process of emotional relationship. In 1954 he started to hospitalize the entire family of the sick (schizophrenic) person. He found out that the entire family suffered with the sick person emotionally. He also studied the relationship between mother-child symbioses. This involved a certain repetitive pattern, where he observed alternating patterns of closeness and distance. They portrayed sensitive emotional tensions caused by separation anxiety and incorporation anxiety. In 1959 he started working with families with less severe problems. Surprisingly these families displayed the same problems as the disturbed families. He concluded that there is no discontinuity between the normal and disturbed families but vary along a continuum line of emotional fusion to differentiation. Bowen was one of the first to realize that the history of our family creates a template which shapes the values, thoughts, and experiences of each generation, as well as how that generation passes down these things to the next generation. Bowens theory focuses on the balance of two forces togetherness and individuality. Too much togetherness can prevent individuality, or developing ones own sense of self whereas too much individuality results in a distant and estranged family. The theory looks at the family as a system and describes the complex interactions that exist in any one unit. The way members of a family are connected and the way they react to one another makes the functioning of family members interdependent. According to the theory, mental illness happens as a result of emotional fusion. This can happen when there is an increase in the level of emotions and anxiety in the family. Bowen introduced eight interlocking concepts to explain family development and functioning. Below I will provide an overview of each concept. Differentiation of Self The first concept is Differentiation of Self, or the ability to separate feelings and thoughts. Undifferentiated people can not separate feelings and thoughts; They have difficulty thinking logically because when asked to think they are flooded with feelings, so this makes It difficult for them to base their responses on their own logical thinking. They also have difficulty differentiating between their feelings and the feelings of others. They look to their family to define how they think about issues, feel about people, and interpret their experiences. Differentiation is the process of freeing yourself from your familys processes to define yourself so you can have different opinions and values than your family members, but are still capable of staying emotionally connected to them. It means being able to calmly reflect on a conflicted interaction afterward, realising your wn role in it, and then choosing a different response for the future. Triangles Triangles are the basic units of systems. They balance between closeness and distance. The third person or party brings unity and creates continuity in warring situation. The triangle brings stressed person into a manageable level of operation. This involves true listening and gives a true advice for a better solution. In it virtually all relationships are shadowed by third parti es. For example when a couple have an argument, afterwards, one of the partners may call their friend to talk about the fight. The third person helps them reduce their anxiety and take action, or calm their strong emotions and reflect, and make decision. People who are more undifferentiated are likely to triangulate others and be triangulated whereas people who are differentiated cope well with life and relationship stress, and as a result are less likely to triangulate others or be triangulated. The Nuclear Family Emotional Process These are the emotional patterns in a family that continue over generations. This involves a modeling scenario where a family member models and imitates the behaviour and even the language of his or her parents. For example, a parent who teaches his or her children to be happy when things are ok and sad when things are bad shapes the future thinking of those children. Here the parent passes on an emotional view of the world (the emotional process), which is taught throughout generation from parent to a child, in a nuclear family. Reactions to this process can range from open conflict, to physical or emotional problems in one family member, to reactive distancing. This will bring problems with family members like substance abuse, mental illness and irresponsibility. The Multigenerational Transmission Process This process entails the way family emotional processes are transferred and maintained over generations. This captures how the whole family joins in The Family Projection Process, for example, by reinforcing the beliefs of the family. As the family continues this pattern over generations, they also refer back to previous generations (Hes just like his Uncle he was always irresponsible too or Shes just like your cousin Mary she was divorced four times. ). Sibling Position Bowen believed In sibling order and that each child had a place in the family hierarchy. He believed that the oldest sibling was more likely to be seen as overly responsible and mature whilst the youngest as overly irresponsible and immature. Emotional Cut-off Emotional cut-off refers to the techniques people use to reduce anxiety from their unresolved emotional issues with parents, siblings, and other members from the family of origin. Some people seek distance either by moving away physically or emotionally using silence, diversion or avoidance of difficult and hurtful topics. To avoid sensitive issues, they may move away from their families and refuse to go home regularly. This strategy may work in the short term to reduce immediate anxiety but over time, the deeper, unresolved problems are toxic towards other relationships. An open relationship is the opposite of emotional cut-off. It is the best way to reduce a familys over-all anxiety. Continued low anxiety permits family members who would like to, to begin the slow steps to better differentiation. Bowen wrote, It might be difficult for a family with severe cut-offs to begin more emotional contact with the extended family, but any effort toward reducing the cut-off with the extended family will soften the intensity of the family problem, reduce the symptoms, and make any kind of therapy far more productive. Societal Emotional Processes The concept of societal emotional process describes how the emotional system governs behaviour on a societal level, promoting both progressive and regressive periods in a society. Cultural forces are important in how a society functions but are insufficient for explaining the rise and fall in how well societies adapt to the challenges that face them. The society’s attitudes towards for example different races, cl asses, genders and sexual orientation, have definite effects on the family. In many ways, this is like the Family Projection Process scaled up to the level of a society as a whole. The way a family deals with prejudice, discrimination and persecution is instinctively passed on to their children so that they can survive in their unique environment. The coping practices of the parents and extended family may lead to more or less adaptive emotional health for the family and its members. Normal Family Development According to Bowen, all families lie along a continuum. Bowen believed that all families lie on a spectrum or continuum and that it is difficult to try to classify families into types. If circumstances change, one type of family could change and become another type of family. For this reason, Bowen is credited with being one of the first culturally sensitive family therapists. A normal, adjusted family will have tensions and anxieties but will be balanced in terms of their togetherness and differentiation. A normal family will have good emotional balance and recognise that some problems are external and others come from the individual. There are connections between the different generations in the family and also to the extended family. The transitions for example from adolescence to adulthood are smooth and supported by the wider family. Past pains and joys are shared. Bowen says no matter how we transform and forget the past, these memories of our relationship, still stay alive in us. The danger is the way our former family attachment will shape our new family. At various times difficulties in different relationships, sometimes called dyads, are resolved without drawing in others into their difficulties. The ability to tolerate and support family members with different views supports differentiation and is a sign of a healthy family. Awareness of external societal influences as well as the unique family influences helps a family to become well adjusted. During times of grief and loneliness for example, family members give space and allow the person opportunity to grow. A positive emotional atmosphere with a belief in the virtues of family builds normal family development. Finally, when family members depend on each ther for feedback and support rather than in co-dependent ways, the family develops healthily. Family Disorders Bowen believed that family problems result from emotional fusion, or from an increase in the level of anxiety in the family. He believed that the member with the symptom is the least differentiated member of the family, and is the one who has the least ability to resist the pull to become fused with another member. This person absorbs the anxiety and worries of t he whole family and has the least ability to separate their own thoughts and feelings from those of their family. Families face two kinds of problems. Vertical problems are passed down from one generation to the next. Thus, adults who had cold and distant relationships with their parents do not know how to have warm and close relationships with their children, and so pass down their own problems to their children. Horizontal problems are caused by environmental stressors or transition points in the family development. This may result from traumas such as a chronic illness, the loss of the family home, or the death of a family member. However, horizontal stress may also result from Social Emotional Processes, such as when a minority family moves from a like-minority neighbourhood to a very different neighbourhood, or when a family with traditional gender roles immigrates to a culture with very different views, and must raise their children there. The worst case for the family is when vertical and horizontal problems happen at once. Goals of Therapy Bowen’s therapy was not aimed at changing people or solving problems, it was basically geared towards: †¢ Helping families to inquire and explore their own roles in family problems Making them assume responsibility for their own problems†¢ People learning more about themselves and their relationships †¢ Decreasing emotional reactivity†¢ Improving self-focus †¢ Modifying dysfunctional patterns †¢ Evaluating progress of the family in terms of how they function now, as well as how adaptive they can be to future changes In general, the t herapist accomplishes this by giving less attention to specific problem they present with, and more attention to family patterns of emotions and relationships, as well as family structures of dyads and triangles. Techniques that are most prominent in the practice of Bowenian family systems therapy. Genogram: Bowen used what he termed a â€Å"family diagram† to collect and organise important data concerning the multigenerational family systems. In 1972 Guerin renamed the family diagram the â€Å"genogram. † The main function of the genogram is to organise data during the evaluation phase and to track relationship processes and key triangles over the course of therapy. In the process of assessment, the following are noted: the history of the presenting problems, exact dates are noted, history of the nuclear family, when the parents met, their courtship, their marriage, child rearing, where the family lived especially in relation to the location of the extended family, history of both spouses birth, sibling positions, facts about childhood, past and current functioning with parents The Therapy Triangle: This technique is based on the theoretical assumption that conflictual relationship processes within the family have activated key-symptom-related triangles in an attempt to re-establish stability; and the family will automatically attempt to include the therapist in the triangling process. If they succeed, therapy will be stalemated. On the other hand, if the therapist can remain free of reactive emotional entanglements, in other words, stay detriangled ,the family system and its members will calm down to the point where they can begin to work out s olutions to their dilemmas. Relationship Experiments: Relationship experiments are carried out around structural altercations in key triangles. The goal is to help the family members become aware of systems processes and learn to recognise their role in them. Thomas F. Fogarty developed experiments for use with emotional pursuers and distancers (lartin-drake. com 28/12/2010). Pursuers are encouraged to restrain their pursuit, stop making demands, and decrease pressure for emotional connection and see what happens in themselves and in the relationship. The exercise isn’t designed to be a magic cure, as some people have hoped, but to help clarify the emotional processes involved. Distancers are encouraged to move toward the other person and communicate personal thoughts and feelings, in other words, to find an alternative to either avoiding or capitulating to the others’ demands. Coaching: Coaching is the Bowenian alternative to the more emotionally involved role common to most other forms of therapy. By acting as a coach, the Bowenian therapist hopes to avoid taking over for patients or becoming embroiled in family triangles. The goal is increased understanding, increased self-focus, and more functional attachment to key family members. The I-Position: Taking a personal stand, saying what you feel, instead of what others are â€Å"doing†, is one of the most direct ways to break cycles of emotional reactivity. Bowenian therapists not only encourage clients to take I-Position, they also do so themselves. Another assumption in Bowenian therapy is that confrontation increases anxiety and decreases the ability to think clearly and see options. Therefore, displacing the focus, making it less personal and less threatening, is an excellent way to increase objectivity. This forms the basis for two related techniques, multiple family therapy and displacement stories. Conclusion In conclusion I believe that Bowen developed a comprehensive theory of family therapy which inspired generations. His theory describes how the family shapes the interplay of individuality and togetherness using six interlocking concepts which are: differentiation of self, triangles, nuclear family emotional process, family projection process, multigenerational transmission process and sibling position. In 1970 Bowen added two additional concepts: emotional cut-off and societal emotional process. Bowenian therapy is a process of active inquiry in which the therapist helps family members get past blaming and fault finding in order to face their own roles in family problems. The goals of Bowenian therapy are not to change people or to solve their problems. Instead they see therapy as an opportunity for people to learn more about themselves and their relationships so that they can assume responsibility for their own problems. Contents Introduction Differentiation of Self The Nuclear Family Emotional Process Triangles The Multigenerational Transmission Process Sibling Position Emotional Cut-off Societal Emotional Processes Normal Family Development Family Disorders Goals of Therapy Conclusion Bibliography Bibliography http://www. abacon. com/famtherapy/bowen. html (14/12/2010) http://www. anzjft. om/pages/articles/78. pdf (14/12/2010) http://www. bukisa. com/articles/293438_what-is-the-concept-of-bowen-family-therapyixzz14iOkMQpM (16/12/2010) http://www. genopro. com/genogram/fam ily-systems-theory/ (22/10/2010) http://www. houd. info/bowenTheory. pdf (22/10/2010) http://www. lartin-drake. com/distancer. pdf (22/10/2010) Bibliography http://www. abacon. com/famtherapy/bowen. html http://www. psychpage. com/learning/library/counseling/bowen. html http://www. bukisa. com/articles/293438_what-is-the-concept-of-bowen-family-therapy http://www. thebowencenter. org/ http://homepages. wmich. edu/~macdonal/SW 6680. 05/Friedman. Bow Contents Introduction

Managing Resistance to Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Resistance to Change - Research Paper Example Using the systems thinking approach, an organization can be assessed for the way in which it functions as a single entity, all of its parts performing so that the performance of the whole achieves mutual goals. Identifying the way in which the system functions is vital in assessing the way in which change will be accomplished. The model of managerial approach that can best be used is through establishing a work culture that has enough flexibility to embrace change. The second step is in providing clear information and creating inclusion in the ways in which the change is created. These two aspects of management are the most important in defining the environment in which change can take place. Resistance is minimized when an organization becomes an organic entity with flexible, porous boundaries that are focused on the overall success of the goals of the company. Through information and inclusion, this environment will not only achieve the goals of transition and change, but keep on t rack for achieving overall goals for the company. Managing Resistance to Change Introduction Change is a phenomenon that requires swift adaptation, an uncomfortable situation for people to manage. Human behavior is approached with apprehension of an outcome and when change occurs, fear of the unknown can create resistance. As a manager, the professional leader must find a way to create smooth transitions when changes occur in a work environment. This can be difficult as the manager is not only trying to reassure his team members, but to alleviate his or her own concerns. Despite the perception that change will be an unwelcome addition to a routine, most changes are intended to increase productivity and provide benefit for a business. Therefore, it is vital that a manager find a way to successfully introduce and implement changes so that the benefit that is intended can be realized. In examining managing resistance to change, the systems thinking approach is the model that allows for the best possible outcome through the most organizational structures. All organizations have a basic number of ways in which they function. These elements of the organization exist in small and large entities, their purposes vital to the overall functioning of the system in order to provide an organic structure. Some organic structures are flexible, while others are rigid, and it is in the level of rigidity that management fails to create an organization that can more easily create transitions when needed. Without transitions, there is not growth, therefore in order to best manage resistance to change, an organic, flexible ideology will best serve reducing resistance to change. Literature Review The primary problem presented with an element of change within an organization is in dealing with the anxiety that team members feel when their space of comfort is disrupted. Work consists of creating known habits and behaviors that define the progression of the day. When change is implemen ted, anxiety is created as the individual must reconcile what is a known outcome with what is an unknown variable. Maltz (2008), discusses the balance that is created by the existence of transition having a natural correspondence with resistance. There is an element of ’data’ in regard to resistance which is critical in defining productivity, development, and the creation of a successful change within the organization (p. 3). The primary focus of the work that Maltz (2008) has

Cyber War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cyber War - Essay Example This is proofing to be a threat in 21st century. However, there is one serious risk of cyber war. This threat is an attack of the computer systems by the malware (Gartzke, 2012). This is because it can cripple a country infrastructure with a coordinated move. This means the primary sectors of the economy will fail to perform, and this can lead to unprecedented loss. For example, if the cyber criminals attack power plants, the whole nation could be plunged into darkness (Gartzke, 2012). This mean most of the countries can remain in a position that was there two hundred years ago. This can paralyze a country before the problem is rectified. Huge amount of resources will need to be mobilized to resolve the threat. According to my thinking, the first country to establish a large-scale cyber offensive will be South Korea. This is because the country is heavily dependent on the internet. In fact, virtually all sectors of the economy depend on the latest technological advancements. North Korea, on the other hand, has little to lose, as it is less dependent on the technology (Gartzke,

The Master Speed by Robert Frost Essay -- Robert Frost Poem Master Sp

'The Master Speed' by Robert Frost Throughout the poem The Master Speed, Frost addresses the idea that marriage is a sacred bond that must be treasured all through our lives. The main reason for the apparent matrimony theme was due to the engagement of Frost's daughter. Because of this great influence over his life, Frost reiterated the advice to his daughter to stay at 'the master speed'; in order to fully enjoy the rest of her life as well as her future commitment. By this Frost suggests that one should not rush through life but instead take in life, nice and slow so that it may be savored. Frost first presents this idea by metaphorically discussing the spectacular abilities his daughter possesses but refuses to use. In the first quatrain, the poet suggests that his da...